Globalization and Income Inequality in Asian Emerging Economies: Study of Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
The study examined the impact of globalization on income inequality in Hanoi, Vietnam, within the broader context of Asian emerging economies. While globalization has brought about rapid economic growth, infrastructure development, and increased foreign direct investment, it has also intensified income disparities between skilled professionals and low-income workers. Many rural migrants and informal sector employees remain excluded from the benefits of globalization due to limited access to education, social protection, and formal employment. The research finds that globalization in Hanoi has driven strong economic growth but has simultaneously widened income inequality across skill levels and social groups. High-skilled workers have benefited from better wages and job security, while low-skilled and informal workers remain trapped in precarious employment. Spatial inequality has also increased, with industrial development concentrated in select urban areas, excluding many rural migrants and low-income residents from opportunities. Additionally, disparities in education, digital literacy, and gender access have further reinforced income gaps, highlighting the uneven distribution of globalization’s benefits. The study concludes that while globalization has accelerated Hanoi’s economic transformation, it has also deepened income inequality by favoring skilled workers and urban elites. Marginalized groups, including low-skilled laborers, women, and rural migrants, continue to face limited access to quality jobs, education, and social services. Without targeted and inclusive policy interventions, globalization may perpetuate structural disparities rather than promote equitable growth. The study recommended implementing inclusive policies that invest in equitable education, digital skills, and social protection to ensure all citizens benefit from globalization. It also calls for improved urban planning and labor regulations to address spatial inequality and protect vulnerable workers in Hanoi’s evolving economy.
Keywords: Globalization, income inequality, Vietnam
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